Socio-ecological Transformation in Brandenburg: Enablers and barriers in seven innovative projects and initiatives

The socio-ecological transformation of Brandenburg is in full swing. Alongside the coal phase-out and the expansion of renewable energy generation, new challenges are emerging in areas such as land use, water management, mobility, digitalisation, and culture. The RIFS research project "Socio-ecological Transformation in Brandenburg" investigates how this transformation is unfolding in communities, towns and regions. Drawing on seven case studies, we analyse lines of conflict, recurring patterns, and possible solutions. To this end, we interviewed key stakeholders from politics, public administration, business, culture, and civil society, as well as members of the public. Our research is guided by three central questions: Under what conditions does sustainable development succeed with the backing of committed change agents? How is sustainability discussed in locales where it is not a central concern? What conflicting positions exist, and how effective have current solution strategies been? Our exploratory approach allows us to identify initial insights and hypotheses about Brandenburg’s socio-ecological transformation. We use the Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) as an analytical framework to examine the interplay between stable regimes, innovative niches, and external influences. Key findings of our study include: A willingness to experiment has often proved more effective than rigid targets. For instance, strict material requirements for sustainable theatre productions can provoke resistance and limit the creative exploration of new solutions. Terms and concepts such as sustainability, self-sufficiency, and autonomy are interpreted and applied in widely varying ways. Individual, committed actors are frequently key to the success of transformation processes. In contrast, the absence of strong stakeholder networks can impede progress. These “change agents” require targeted support. Sustainable projects tend to be more successful when they also deliver economic benefits – for example, through community investment in wind energy or the profitable use of peatlands. A central challenge lies in reconciling economic incentives with social justice. Resolving conflicts between competing goals (trade-offs) is often complex and time-consuming. Nonetheless, our case studies demonstrate that compromise and creative solutions are possible, provided participants engage in open dialogue and commit to long-term planning. With this RIFS Discussion Paper, we aim to contribute to the scientific and political debate and to highlight open research questions.